America’s School Trust Library The Zybach Collection

Soap Creek Valley · 1999 M.A.I.S. thesis

Using Oral Histories to Document Changing Forest Cover Patterns: Soap Creek Valley, Oregon, 1500-1999

Bob Zybach's 1999 Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies thesis: the study that used these fifteen oral histories as evidence, and the method it built for testing memory against maps, photographs and the written record.

Zybach, Bob 1999.  Using Oral Histories to Document Changing Forest Cover Patterns: Soap Creek Valley, Oregon, 1500-1999.  Oregon State University MAIS thesis, Corvallis, Oregon: 321 pp.

Provenance

Author
Bob Zybach
Degree
Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies
Presented
Presented March 5, 1999
Commencement
Commencement June, 2000
Committee
Steven Radosevich (Abstract approved: Steven Radosevich); Court Smith; David Brauner; Sheila Coakley
Pages
321 pages
Original
http://www.nwmapsco.com/ZybachB/Thesis/Zybach_MAIS_1999.pdf
Accessioned
From Bob Zybach’s upload, 23 August 2026
Source file checksum
sha256:44499c31336140bec72d9eb1c3b80699…

Abstract, as printed

Bob Zybach for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in Forest Science, Anthropology. and Anthropology presented on March 5, 1999. Title: Using Oral Histories to Document Changing Forest Cover Patterns: Soap Creek Valley, Oregon, 1500 - 1999. Abstract approved: ________________________________________________ Steven Radosevich This thesis examines forest history of a portion of the Douglas-fir Region: Soap Creek Valley, a 15,000 acre sub-basin of the Luckiamute River in northern Benton County, Oregon. The primary reasons for the research were to test oral history methodology, document sub-basin scale forest cover pattern changes, and determine basic causes of change. Oral history research methods include interdisciplinary scientific and gray literature reviews, archival research, consultations with local experts, personal observations, and location and/or creation of relevant interviews and interview transcripts. Key findings of this research are: 1) Soap Creek Valley forest cover patterns reflect local human values at any given point in historical time (as modified by local nonhuman disturbances and wild plant and animal species), and 2) oral histories can be an efficient method for documenting and interpreting forest conditions, particularly for the last century of time. Major findings concerning Soap Creek Valley include: 1) current forest cover patterns are largely a result of savannah afforestation, agricultural practices, and housing developments since 1845; 2) wildlife biodiversity richness is greater now than in preceding centuries; 3) forest trees occur in even-aged stands and groves generally less than 100 years and rarely over 350 years of age; 4) early historical forest trees existed in isolation, groves, and relatively small stands and pockets; and 5) local people and prevailing cultural values have been primary shapers of forest conditions for the past 500 years, and likely the past 10,000 years as well.

Contents

  1. I. Introduction p. 1
  2. OUTLINE AND DESCRIPTION OF THESIS p. 1
  3. Objectives p. 1
  4. Definitions p. 2
  5. Arrangement p. 4
  6. Method of Oral History References p. 5
  7. LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOAP CREEK VALLEY p. 6
  8. Boundaries and Landmarks p. 6
  9. Legal Descriptions and Land Ownership p. 6
  10. Geology and Climate p. 11
  11. Topography and Aspects p. 12
  12. Destination of Surface Waters p. 14
  13. Threatened and Endangered Species p. 14
  14. II. Methodology p. 18
  15. TYPES AND USES OF RESEARCH INFORMATION p. 18
  16. Definitions, Uses, and Values of Research Information p. 19
  17. Primary Research Data p. 26
  18. BACKGROUND AND DOCUMENTATION OF ORAL HISTORIES p. 28
  19. Oral Traditions and Oral Histories p. 29
  20. Documentation of Oral Histories p. 33
  21. CREATION OF SOAP CREEK VALLEY ORAL HISTORY SERIES p. 34
  22. Selection and Profile of Informants p. 35
  23. Development of Data p. 42
  24. DATA ANALYSIS p. 51
  25. Organization p. 52
  26. General Chronology and Values of Data Types p. 56
  27. Comparative p. 59
  28. Theoretical Tests p. 62
  29. III. Identification of Agents of Forest Cover Change p. 65
  30. TYPES OF AGENTS OF CHANGE p. 65
  31. Events and Processes p. 65
  32. Wildlife Demographics p. 69
  33. Human Activities p. 70
  34. EFFECTS OF CATASTROPHIC EVENTS p. 71
  35. Disease Epidemics (1770-1999) p. 71
  36. Floods and Droughts (15,000 BP-1999) p. 77
  37. Landslides (minor effects) p. 83
  38. Snowstorms and Freezes (1830-1999) p. 84
  39. Wildfires (12,800 BP-1999) p. 88
  40. Windstorms (1931-1999) p. 90
  41. EFFECTS OF WILDLIFE DEMOGRAPHICS p. 91
  42. Animal Extinctions and Extirpations (12,000 BP-1999) p. 92
  43. Animal Introductions (1806-1999 p. 98
  44. Plant Introductions (1806-1999) p. 101
  45. Plant Migrations (1500-1999) p. 102
  46. EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES p. 117
  47. Broadcast Burning (1500-1999) p. 118
  48. Farming and Ranching (1846-1999) p. 121
  49. Forestry and Logging (1846-1999) p. 126
  50. Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering (1500-1999) p. 135
  51. Land Subdivision and Home Construction (1846-1999) p. 136
  52. Military and Industrial Development (1846-1999) p. 148
  53. Transportation and Communications (1500-1999) p. 151
  54. IV. Theoretical Accounts of Forest Cover Changes p. 157
  55. FOREST COVER TRENDS AND CONDITIONS p. 158
  56. Method of Multiple Hypotheses p. 158
  57. Possible Conditions of Prehistoric Forests p. 160
  58. Successional and Climax Forest Theories p. 161
  59. Landscape Disturbance and Even-Aged Forest Theories p. 162
  60. Systematic Theories of Events, Cycles, and Periods p. 163
  61. FORESTS WITHOUT PEOPLE p. 164
  62. Predictive Assumptions for Soap Creek Valley Forests p. 164
  63. Oak and Grass: Fire and East Wind History p. 168
  64. Douglas-fir: Fire and South Wind History p. 168
  65. Mixed Hardwoods: Fire and Flood History p. 169
  66. Mixed Conifers: Fire and Landslide History p. 169
  67. FOREST PRODUCTS AND WILDLIFE HABITAT p. 170
  68. Changes in Forest Product Uses and Values p. 171
  69. Forest Product Values and Forest Cover Changes p. 172
  70. V. Chronological Account of Forest Cover Changes p. 176
  71. PREHISTORIC CONDITIONS, 1500-1825 p. 177
  72. 1500-1625: Prehistoric Old-Growth p. 180
  73. 1626-1825: Prehistoric 2nd Growth p. 185
  74. EARLY HISTORICAL CONDITIONS, 1826-1899 p. 186
  75. 1826-1845: Exploration and Epidemic p. 190
  76. 1846-1882: Ranching and Home Construction p. 192
  77. 1883-1914: Fencing and Farming p. 194
  78. LIVING MEMORY, 1900-1999 p. 196
  79. 1883-1914: Fencing and Farming (Cont.) p. 197
  80. 1915-1940: Automobiles and Logging p. 198
  81. 1941-1962 Wind and War p. 199
  82. 1963-1999: Recent Developments p. 201
  83. VI. Conclusions p. 207
  84. RELEVANCE OF ORAL HISTORIES TO DOCUMENTING AND UNDERSTANDING FOREST COVER PATTERNS, 1999 p. 207
  85. SUMMARY OF SOAP CREEK VALLEY FOREST COVER CONDITIONS AND TRENDS, 1500-1999 p. 208
  86. TESTS OF EXISTING THEORIES OF FOREST HISTORY AND ECOLOGY p. 209
  87. References p. 211
  88. Appendices p. 233
  89. A. Soap Creek Valley Oral History Series Monographs, 1990-1999 p. 235
  90. B. Informant Consent Forms and Filings, 1975-1998 p. 238
  91. C. Historical Themes, Markers, and Periods, 1788-1999 p. 246
  92. D. Landowner Names, Locations, and Types, 1841-1990 p. 249
  93. E. Native, Extirpated, and Exotic Wildlife Species, 1500-1999 p. 259
  94. F. Bearing Tree Species, Locations, Sizes, and Associations, 1852-1882 p. 275
  95. G. Merchantable Conifer Species, Locations, and Volumes, 1915 p. 293
  96. H. Kalapuyan Oral Traditions, 1913-1933 p. 300
  97. I. Tampico Song, 1858 p. 319

How the study was done, in the author's words

Passages transcribed verbatim from the printed thesis, with the page they appear on. Nothing here is a summary.

citation rule for oral histories (Table 1) — p. 5

The variety of data sources used in this study required a clear and consistent style for citation and reference. In order to distinguish between oral history interviews, personal communications, and printed materials: 1) oral histories and other printed materials are listed alphabetically in the reference section, using a common format, 2) references to oral histories that appear in the body of the text are underlined and identified by interviewee, rather than by author(s), and 3) all personal communications are identified as such in the text and are not listed in the reference section. Table 1 identifies the 17 principal oral history monographs used in this study and lists the method by which each is cited in the body of this thesis. A second column in Table 1 provides a standard citation for locating sources in the reference section.

definition of oral history / primary research data — p. 26

Oral histories are tape recorded and transcribed interviews with individuals that document living memory. Sitton, Mehaffy, and Davis (1983) define oral histories as “recollections and reminiscences of living people about their past.” According to Dunaway (1996), oral histories commonly include relevant materials such as tables of contents, indexes, photographs, maps, texts, and other documents

oral history as method as well as product — p. 27

An oral history, in addition to being a final product of historical research, “differs from other sources of information in that it is also a method; it requires an active collaboration between the historian who collects the information and the narrator” (Schvaneveldt et al., 1993).

geographical oral history — the proposed fourth type — p. 27

Gluck (1996) claims that oral history research “traditionally has been divided into three types: topical, biographical, and autobiographical.” This study may constitute a fourth type of oral history—geographical—a type that has good precedence; spanning the very earliest oral history projects.

geographical oral history — the proposed fourth type (cont.) — p. 28

The Soap Creek Valley Oral History Series, however, is probably best categorized as a “geographical oral history,” qualifying as a possible fourth type of oral history. Other oral history studies have also been assembled that focus on environmental (and cultural) change for an area over time. Well known examples of this fourth type of oral history include the story of Coe Ridge (Montell 1996) and Studs Terkel’s interviews with citizens of Chicago (Baum 1996). This category can also be used for more localized and lesser-known examples, including a study of northeastern Oregon wildlife (Gildemeister 1992), a rural Benton County (see Map 1) community’s 20-year adaptation of the “Foxfire Model” (Alsea High School Students 1989; Baum 1996), and a cultural resources inventory centered in an urban N/NE Portland, Oregon neighborhood (Gardner, Clark, Foster, Horn, Owens, Stroud, & Ward 1992).

summary of the study's basis — p. 28

Summary. This study is based on a series of oral histories gathered for the purpose of documenting changing forest conditions that have occurred in a sub-basin scale watershed over several centuries’ time. Products identified and/or created during the course of this study include a number of printed monographs, maps, pictures, reports, computerized databases, GIS layers, indexes, objects, etc. The synthesis of these materials, to understand better the causes and effects of changing forest cover patterns and conditions, is the principal focus of this study.

oral traditions vs. oral histories — p. 29

Oral traditions include accounts of local community and family histories and cultural beliefs that are verbally transmitted among people through stories, songs, games, myths, and other means (Nevins 1996). They have been described as unwritten knowledge passed verbally through successive generations (Vansina 1996).

documentation requires transcription — p. 33

Berg (1998) contended oral histories provide a distinctive process of historical documentation. Oral histories require that systematically recorded interviews be transcribed in order to be used. The use of recording equipment instead of “taking notes” or other methods of recording formal interviews is advantageous in that relevant verbal nuances and background noises are documented, pauses and repeated phrases necessary to accommodate note taking are reduced, and participant spontaneity and conversational flow are usually improved.

criteria for selecting informants — p. 35

Two criteria were applied to all selections: participants must have had a first-hand knowledge of events in Soap Creek Valley and they must have lived or worked in the area for a significant period of time. Criteria used to establish the total number of oral history interviews for this study and to control the demographic profile of selected individuals included: 1) efforts to insure informants represented: women and men, local occupations, diverse experiences, and a range of ages within the specified time period (Gluck 1996; Lance 1996; Ray 1996); 2) knowledge that the number of oral history interviews conducted were limited by OSU Research Forests financial constraints (Garver 1990: personal communication; OSU College of Forestry Forest Planning Team 1993); and 3) informants must be “credible” (Giere 1979; Hoffman 1996).

how informants were located — p. 36

Informants selected for the Soap Creek Valley Oral History Series were identified and/or located in one or more of five ways: literature review, archival research, referral, solicitation, and volunteer; in most instances through a combination of direct referral and third party references.

response rate — p. 39

Twenty-two people were ultimately identified and approached to be interviewed for this project; of these, only one declined to participate (Zybach et al., 1990).

consistency of interviewers and processing — p. 42

Efforts were made to maintain consistent interviewers, interview methods, topics, and formats during all recording, transcription, editing, and publication processing phases of informant interviews (Baum 1985; Lance 1996).

two interviewers across the whole series — p. 43

For example, although Soap Creek Valley oral history recordings were obtained over a 20-year period (1975-1997) with over 20 people (including a few individuals not listed in Tables 1 and 4), only two people, Jackson (1978-1980 OSU College of Forestry recordings) and Zybach (1989-1997 Soap Creek Valley recordings), conducted almost all interviews.

historical event vs. historical content recording approaches — p. 43

Two approaches to recording oral history interviews were used in this study (Baum 1985). These approaches can be characterized as “historical event” and “historical content,” as described in the following paragraphs. Generally, a modified combination of both styles was used to obtain and document most interviews. Efforts were made to accurately and fully document all interviews, yet thoroughly review and edit final transcriptions to insure printed information was accurate as possible, no matter what was initially recorded (Islam & Zybach 1999).

historical content method — correcting the transcript against the record — p. 43

By contrast, the historical content method of producing oral histories may be far less formal. This approach stresses the clarity of ideas and opinions and accuracy of details and observations, rather than the exact wording or circumstances in which they were first described (Baum 1985; Dunaway 1996). For instance, if an informant is recorded as saying their mother was born in 1913, and the date is later determined to be 1915, then the transcript is changed to reflect the more accurate information.

the tape is the record; narrators may amend — p. 44

A note is then added to the final transcript that such a change has been made. The recording can always be used to determine exactly what was said, and the oral historian can safely quote transcribed text with assurance that historical documentation is given priority over human recollection. Likewise, subjects are given opportunity to amend or edit their words if, upon review, an opinion is deemed to be poorly stated, inaccurate, or unnecessarily harsh or judgmental.

informed consent and narrator rights — p. 47

Subjects were informed of their right to stop interviews at any time, to decline answering uncomfortable questions, and to have their own questions answered regarding interviewer’s motives, qualifications, and/or interests in the study. Subjects were also informed of the nature of questions to be asked, told their responses would be recorded and transcribed, and that transcriptions would be published and distributed for research and educational purposes. Informants were further assured they would be given the opportunity to edit and amend any transcribed statements they made before their history was distributed (Baum 1985; Lance 1996).

the consent instrument at the start of each recording — p. 47

Recorded interviews typically began with introductions, discussion and signing of an informed consent agreement (see Appendix B), a brief display of recording equipment with explanation of its functions and limitations, and a discussion of the basic interview plan.

how transcripts were typed and checked — p. 48

Transcription and editing of interviews. Tapes of completed interviews were duplicated and originals transcribed. Copies of transcriptions were read and amended while listening to the recordings (“audited”) by people present during the interview (Baum 1985). The interviewees were often the best people for this step because they were most aware of who and what was talked about, general accuracy, how names were spelled, what they had intended to say, and what had been left unsaid. Audited copies were returned to transcribers and necessary corrections and amendments were made to the manuscripts.

Horner Museum transcripts were edited but not audited — p. 48

Unpublished College of Forestry interviews (Dunn 1990; Sekermestrovich 1990; Rowley 1996; Davies 1997) had been transcribed previously from tape recordings to typewritten documents by OSU Horner Museum staff and employees. Many of these transcriptions were incomplete, contained numerous errors, and/or were not in proper sequence, but were used as obtained because the Horner recordings were made unavailable for the first several years of this project. As a result, these transcriptions were edited, but not audited, prior to beginning the Soap Creek Valley recordings.

formatting, indexing and distribution of final products — p. 49

Formatting and distribution of final products. Audited and edited transcripts were prepared for publication and distribution. This process involved creating and/or selecting complementary documents (including maps, illustrations, and appendices), formatting texts and other documents into titled chapters, writing necessary captions and explanatory footnotes, arranging the total manuscript into specific numbered pages, and indexing finished materials with a common (for the entire Soap Creek Valley series) two-tiered system (Islam & Zybach 1999a). Indexes were printed, numbered, and appended as the final pages to finished manuscripts. The resulting monographs were then distributed to subjects’ families, selected libraries, Research Forests’ staff, archives, and other appropriate individuals and facilities (see Appendix A; Baum 1996).

pagination fixed before indexing; chapter breaks thematic or by location — p. 50

Consistent formatting of oral history manuscripts was required to make indexing processes possible and facilitate data analysis. Specific page numbers and page breaks were determined before indexing was started. Chapter breaks were determined and titled thematically or, for interviews that took place during tours of the Soap Creek Valley area, by specific location. In the latter instances, interview locations were also shown and cross-referenced on detailed maps (Rohner 1993; Glender 1994; Olson 1994; Vanderburg 1995).

the concordance files and the two-tier index — p. 50

In order to address this problem, and to make certain it wasn’t compounded when additional monographs and transcripts were added to the series, computerized concordance files of proper and common names, themes, topics, plants, animals, and local landmarks were assembled for the entire Soap Creek Valley History Project (Islam & Zybach 1999a). Names, keywords, and topics were arranged alphabetically in a two-tier system to allow for additional grouping and cross-referencing. The files were then used as the basis for indexing each of the monographs in the series, including previously unpublished transcripts obtained through College of Forestry interviews.

the master index and non-linear access — p. 51

Resulting indexes were printed at the back of each monograph, which permitted consistent “non-linear access” to printed materials throughout the entire series (Baum 1996). The indexes from the first 15 Soap Creek Valley Oral History monograph (see Appendix A) were then assembled into a single document, formatted and paginated as described in preceding paragraphs, and arranged by concordance file into a “master index” for the entire series (Zybach & Islam 1999). For example, references to Paul M. Dunn Forest (see Map 3) are listed separately under “Dunn Forest,” “Paul M. Dunn Forest,” and grouped under “Oregon State University” “OSU Research Forests,” and “College of Forestry” headings (Dunn 1990). All references to the forest were then identified by monograph and page number for the entire series (Zybach & Islam 1999).

disposition of tapes, maps and master copies — p. 51

In most instances, master copies of monographs were stored at Research Forests offices, original tape recordings were sent to the Oral History Department of the Oregon Historical Society in Portland, Oregon, and original maps, correspondence, photographs, photograph copies, and copies of tape recordings were sent to OSU Archives in Corvallis, Oregon.

consent instruments — Appendix B introduction — p. 238

Appendix B. provides copies of the informed consent documents that were developed and used for the oral histories in this research. Signed, original agreements span from 1975 to 1999, and reflect specific research purposes and affiliations for which they were designed. The following copies are a representative selection of original signed agreements that have been altered to protect the confidentiality of participants.

consent instruments — the 1995 human-subjects filing — p. 238

Fig. B.5 (eight parts reproduced in 4 pages) is a copy of new “human subject” filings required by OSU, in 1995. This requirement was developed subsequent to the beginning of the Soap Creek Valley History Project, which describes the apparent incongruity of sequence; i.e., today this form would have to be filed in advance of recording agreements, not 5-20 years after their filings. Fig. B.6 is an updated OSU Research Forests’ agreement, reflecting recent technological changes in oral history documentation processes, and Fig. B.7 is a current agreement, reflecting potential digital products and possible income from those products.

Table 4. Profile of oral history informants, 1894-1999.

Printed page 39.

NameGLifetimeProfessionInterview FocusRef.
Total 17 (5 F/12 M) 1894-1999 15

G GenderLifetime Approximate birth and death years for informants.Profession Principal subject career of interest to this study.Ref. Soap Creek Valley Oral History Series Monograph number (see Tables 1 and A.1; Map 9)

Tables

Maps

Figures

Appendices

Dated statements, by printed page

131 dated statements transcribed verbatim from 37 printed pages — Chapter V's chronological account and the dated claims made elsewhere in the thesis. Each printed page has its own permanent link, so a citation into the thesis lands on the page it names. Statements printed on a held page are not shown.

p. 26
  • 1998. The earliest documentation of this type was purposefully gathered in 1998 to record a 360-degree panorama of The Valley from its floor and a 270-degree panorama from Lewisburg Saddle (Zybach & Fraser 1998). Cited in the thesis as: Zybach & Fraser 1998
p. 29
  • 1857. The Tampico Song was read, sung and otherwise repeated verbatim in Soap Creek Valley in the late 1850s, following the creation of the town of Tampico in 1857 (see Chapter III; Davis & Davis 1978); perhaps it was even written there. Cited in the thesis as: Davis & Davis 1978
  • 1861. After the town was disbanded in 1861 (Zybach 1989; Zybach & Meranda 1989), it is unlikely many people bothered to sing or repeat the Tampico Song; several however, thought it worth preserving, and it has continued to survive in many forms of publications. Cited in the thesis as: Zybach 1989; Zybach & Meranda 1989
  • 1948. Oral histories, in comparison to thousands (perhaps millions) of years of oral traditions, have existed for only 50 years. They are generally recognized as originating in 1948 with Professor Allan Nevin’s initiation of the Oral History Project at Columbia University (Dunaway 1996). Cited in the thesis as: Dunaway 1996
p. 36
  • 1989-12. In December 1989, Lorna Grabe (Grabe 1990; see Fig. 2, Tables 1 and 4) became the first person interviewed for the new oral history series. Cited in the thesis as: Grabe 1990
p. 37
  • 1940. Bottom Right. Gene Glender (Glender 1994) at family farm, 1940. Note old-growth savannah oak and barn (Zybach et al., 1990; Sardell, Sears, & Watson 1999) in the background (see Map 9). Cited in the thesis as: Glender 1994
  • 1990. Bottom Left. Lorna Grabe (Grabe 1990) stands in front of Soap Creek Schoolhouse in period dress, April, 1991. Photograph by author. Cited in the thesis as: Grabe 1990
  • 1991-02-23. Top Left. Marvin Rowley (Rowley 1996) stands next to the rootwad of a wind thrown Douglas-fir along the pioneer (and possibly Kalapuyan) ridge line trail dividing Bakers Creek and Oak Creek (see Map 2) during February 23, 1991 tour of Soap Creek Valley. Cited in the thesis as: Rowley 1996
  • 1991-04. Top Right. Bessie Gragg Murphy (Murphy 1995) and friend view catsears and other wildflowers on grounds of Soap Creek Schoolhouse (see Map 2 and Table 2) in April, 1991. Cited in the thesis as: Murphy 1995
p. 40
  • 1999-03-05. SCALE: 1" = 7500' B. Zybach & R.M. Edmond © NW MAPS CO. March 5, 1999 Cited in the thesis as: Map 9 scale block, read from the map image (not the PDF text layer)
p. 51
  • 1999. Three monographs (Rowley 1996; Zybach & Islam 1999; Islam & Zybach 1999a) remain in final draft form and have not been printed or distributed. One monograph (Davies 1997), has been printed, but remains undistributed.
  • 1999. In most instances, master copies of monographs were stored at Research Forests offices, original tape recordings were sent to the Oral History Department of the Oregon Historical Society in Portland, Oregon, and original maps, correspondence, photographs, photograph copies, and copies of tape recordings were sent to OSU Archives in Corvallis, Oregon.
p. 107
  • 1862. Thilenius (1968) traces general Willamette Valley oak woodland development to 1862, but relates forestation process only to cessation of Indian burning and doesn’t factor in potential effects of livestock-killing snows, floods, and freezes of 1861-1862 (Tables 10 and 11). Cited in the thesis as: Thilenius 1968; Tables 10 and 11
p. 119
  • 1846. The advent of settlement and subsequent conversion of Soap Creek Valley lands to livestock pasturage in the mid-1840s put an end to Indian burning practices.
p. 152
  • 1941. Top Photograph. Panorama made of two “unauthorized” photographs of US Army quarry operations taken during WW II by Wilma Rohner. Photos were made with Kodak Brownie camera she received on her 16th birthday (Rohner 1993). Cited in the thesis as: Rohner 1993; Berg 1983
p. 153
  • 1999-06-12. Fig. 34 Coffin Butte landfill, June 12, 1999. Entryway to current landfill operations, near former location of Rohner farmhouse (see Map 9; Rohner 1993). Cited in the thesis as: Rohner 1993
p. 176
  • 1933. This countryside is not good now. Long, long ago it was good country. They were all Indians who lived in this countryside. Everything was good. No one labored. Only a man went hunting, he hunted all the time. Women always used to dig camas, and they gathered tarweed seeds. Cited in the thesis as: Chapter V epigraph, attributed on the page to “—John B. Hudson, 1933”; see Appendix H and Jacobs 1945
p. 177
  • 1806. It is unknown how long Kalapuyan families lived in the Willamette Valley before their discovery by European Americans in 1806 (Thwaites 1959). Cited in the thesis as: Thwaites 1959
p. 180
  • 1600. No direct evidence exists for conifer in Soap Creek Valley earlier than 1600, yet such trees must have existed there, or very nearby (Kummel et al., 1947; Isaacs 1949). Cited in the thesis as: Kummel et al. 1947; Isaac 1949
  • 1602. It is located near a group of trees dated to 1602 (Starker 1939), a five-foot diameter Douglas-fir measured in 1853 (Elder 1853), and a tree that contained ax marks dating to 1826 (Jackson 1980; Rowley 1997). Cited in the thesis as: Starker 1939; Elder 1853; Jackson 1980; Rowley 1997
  • 1826. Documentation of their travels described miles of barren plains burned clear of living vegetation by Kalapuyans, and occasional groves of oak and scattered “pine” (Douglas-fir) three and four feet in diameter on east slope Oregon Coast Range hills. Cited in the thesis as: Davies 1961; Douglas 1905
  • 1826-10. Alexander R. McLeod and David Douglas visited the Soap Creek Valley area in early October, 1826 (Davies 1961; Douglas 1905). Cited in the thesis as: Davies 1961; Douglas 1905
  • 1916. Munger’s (1916) description of tree ages for all of Washington and Oregon is consistent with findings for Soap Creek Valley: “Most of the so-called virgin stands are not over 350 or 400 years old, and trees over 600 years are quite uncommon.” Cited in the thesis as: Munger 1916
p. 181
  • 1890. Sometime around 1890, a regular practice of clearcut logging began in this section (Olson 1994), but the area and volume of large trees remained greatest for Soap Creek Valley (see Tables 14, 15, 20 and 21; Appendices F and G) until the entire stand was finally clearcut during and shortly after WW II (Sauerwein 1948; Jackson 1980; Rowley 1997). Cited in the thesis as: Olson 1994; Sauerwein 1948; Jackson 1980; Rowley 1997
p. 182
  • 1500. There is little evidence of forest trees in Soap Creek Valley before 1550 (Nettleton 1956) Cited in the thesis as: Nettleton 1956
p. 183
  • 1550. At that time, scattered oak trees and groves began growing over a wide portion of The Valley; followed in 50 years by the establishment of several stands of Douglas-fir in Soap Creek headwaters (see Sprague and Hanson 1946). Cited in the thesis as: Sprague and Hansen 1946
p. 184
  • 1841. Wilkes (1845) remarked that the oak groves of the Willamette Valley in 1841 were so regularly spaced as to “appear to have been planted by the hands of man,” and Kalapuyans of that time were known to cultivate tobacco from seed in isolated openings (Douglas 1905). Cited in the thesis as: Wilkes 1845; Douglas 1905
p. 189
  • 1916. Instead of finding an uninterrupted forest carrying 100,000 feet or more per acre reaching from the Cascades to the Pacific, the first settlers seventy-five years ago [1840] found in The Valleys great areas of “prairie” land covered with grass, brakes, or brush which were burned and kept treeless by the Indians, Cited in the thesis as: Munger 1916
p. 190
  • 1826. The first historical account of the Soap Creek Valley area was provided by the 1826 Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) beaver hunting expedition led by Alexander Roderick McLeod (Douglas 1905; Davies 1961) that passed southward, up the west side of the Willamette Valley. Cited in the thesis as: Douglas 1905; Davies 1961
  • 1826. The HBC expedition is the first known to horse trail traversing the length of the Willamette Valley, along a route that approximately follows the course of Highway 99W today (see Maps 13 and 18). Cited in the thesis as: Douglas 1905; Davies 1961
  • 1826. They are also the first records of domestic animals (the expedition’s horses) to graze in the vicinity of Soap Creek. Cited in the thesis as: Douglas 1905; Davies 1961
  • 1826. Douglas and McLeod noted an almost total lack of grass and unburned vegetation along the entire length of the Willamette, a result of “Indian burning.” Cited in the thesis as: Douglas 1905
  • 1826-10-04. On October 4, 1826, in the approximate area of Berry Creek (see Map 2), McLeod noted a group of Kalapuyans “gleaning a miserable existence digging roots” (Davies 1961). Cited in the thesis as: Davies 1961
p. 191
  • 1826. In 1979, Rowley (Jackson 1980; Rowley 1996) described “axe marks” dating to 1826 in a Soap Creek Valley tree near Lewisburg Saddle. Cited in the thesis as: Jackson 1980; Rowley 1996
  • 1826. Horizontal forest cover patterns of Soap Creek Valley in 1826 are depicted in Map 21. This provides a measure of plant species diversity called “importance” (Kimmins 1987). Cited in the thesis as: Kimmins 1987; Map 21
  • 1826-10-05. On October 5, 1826, the men camped in a “small circular valley” (Douglas 1905) that may have been Soap Creek Valley. Cited in the thesis as: Douglas 1905
  • 1832-1834. He had also noted widespread sudden sickness and subsequent death among hundreds of Indian families during his journey through western Oregon and northern California during the previous two years (Scott 1928; Maloney 1942; Cook 1955; Boyd 1986). Cited in the thesis as: Scott 1928; Maloney 1943; Cook 1955; Boyd 1986
  • 1834. In 1834, HBC Chief Trader John Work and his beaver hunting brigade followed the same route blazed by McLeod’s 1826 expedition. Cited in the thesis as: Scott 1923
  • 1834. It is currently believed that Work may have carried malaria with him on his travels through Idaho, eastern Oregon, California, and western Oregon (Boyd 1990: personal communication), and the spread of this disease was a primary cause of the decimation of many of the Indian communities he visited during that time. Cited in the thesis as: Boyd 1990: personal communication
  • 1841. By 1841, Charles Wilkes noted that only 400 or so Kalapuyans survived in the entire Willamette Valley (Wilkes 1845)—the remnants of at least a half dozen nations estimated to have numbered 10,000 to 12,000 or more individuals prior to the time of the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1805-1806 (Boyd 1986; 1990). Cited in the thesis as: Wilkes 1845; Boyd 1986; 1990
  • 1846. When the first American emigrants settled in Soap Creek Valley in 1846, Klickitat Indians (who had owned horses for several decades and had associated with white trappers for nearly 40 years) were claiming ownership of the Willamette Valley, having “conquered” the decimated Kalapuyans (Fagan 1885; Minto 1903; Rawie 1994). Cited in the thesis as: Fagan 1885; Minto 1903; Rawie 1994
p. 192
  • 1826. At that time, grizzly bears, whitetail deer, California condors, lamprey eels, and cutthroat trout also inhabited the Soap Creek Valley area on a seasonal basis (Boyd 1986; Jacobs 1945; see Appendices E and H). Cited in the thesis as: Boyd 1986; Jacobs 1945
  • 1826. Other local plants used by Kalapuyans in 1826 included tarweed, oak, brackenfern, blackberries, strawberries, hazelnuts, arrowwood, yew, and onions (see Table E.3). Cited in the thesis as: Table E.3
  • 1846. The settlement of Soap Creek Valley by American pioneers in 1846 was quickly followed by establishment of permanent homes, fences, plowed fields, wagon roads, orchards, and the eviction of remaining local Indian families (Longwood 1940). Cited in the thesis as: Longwood 1940
  • 1846. Bear and wolves were systematically exterminated from the area through hunting (Fagan 1885; Storm 1941), blacktail deer replaced whitetail deer (Poesch 1961), and orchardgrass, bachelor buttons, and vetch spread outward from the settlers’ lawns and fields (Glender 1994). Cited in the thesis as: Fagan 1885; Storm 1941; Poesch 1961; Glender 1994
  • 1846. Kalapuyan burning was replaced by mass livestock grazing, and prairies remained largely free of tree seedlings and brush (see Figs. 18 and 24). Cited in the thesis as: Longwood 1940
  • 1855. An attempt to create a small town in The Valley during the mid-1850s quickly failed for a variety of economic, geographical, and political reasons.
p. 193
  • 1826. Soap Creek Valley was largely grassy savannah and prairie at the time of discovery by Europeans. Cited in the thesis as: Map 21 caption
p. 194
  • 1853. Map 22 shows the original locations of pioneer homes, orchards, fields, and wagon roads—and new property boundaries—that had been established by landowners between 1846 and 1853 (see Maps 2, 5, and 10; Table D.2). Cited in the thesis as: Map 22; Table D.2
  • 1853. Note the extent of the conifer forest is about the same as 27 years earlier (Map 21), but virtually all savannah and prairie lands have been converted to fenced crops (to reduce open range livestock damage) and unfenced pasture by local residents. Cited in the thesis as: Map 22
  • 1861. The snowstorm of 1861 likely killed a majority of the livestock in the Willamette Valley (Oliphant 1932), including herds based in Soap Creek Valley. Cited in the thesis as: Oliphant 1932
  • 1861-1865. Economic depression, brought about partly by the Civil War, prevented local farmers and ranchers from rebuilding their herds for several years (Oliphant 1932; Longwood 1940). Cited in the thesis as: Oliphant 1932; Longwood 1940
  • 1881-1882. The snowstorm of 1881-82 also had a devastating effect on local livestock populations (Oliphant 1932; Nettleton 1956; Jackson 1980; Starker 1984), and local landowners began to develop alternate strategies to produce income. Cited in the thesis as: Oliphant 1932; Nettleton 1956; Jackson 1980; Starker 1984
  • 1883. By the early 1880s, a new generation of farmers and landowners had succeeded their pioneer predecessors in Soap Creek Valley. Cited in the thesis as: Longwood 1940
  • 1883-1914. Pastureland that had been dedicated to the production of beef and wool were being converted to wheat and oat crops and planted to commercial fruit and nut orchards. (Longwood 1940). Cited in the thesis as: Longwood 1940
p. 195
  • 1890. The national economic depression of the 1890s likely affected local families to a lesser degree than their urban counterparts due to a tradition and capability of self sufficiency. Cited in the thesis as: Longwood 1940
p. 196
  • 1890. The establishment of local sawmills during the 1890s resulted in the first industrial clearcut logging in Soap Creek Valley and offered opportunities for local landowners to capitalize on forested hillsides that had previously held little financial value (Thomas & Schroeder 1936). Cited in the thesis as: Thomas & Schroeder 1936
  • 1900. The memories of the oldest participants in the Soap Creek Valley Oral History Series begin to take shape in the early 1900s (see Fig. 4; Table 4), at about the same time local farming, ranching, and logging methods began to change dramatically. Cited in the thesis as: Fig. 4; Table 4
p. 197
  • 1900. For Soap Creek Valley, the amount of old-growth conifer acreage remained about the same from 1845 until 1900 (see Chapter III; Figs. 36, 37, and 38; Maps 12 and 22; Tables 14, 15, 20, and 21; Appendices F and G), of which the oldest trees were barely 300 years of age in 1900 (see Table 19) Cited in the thesis as: Leiberg 1900; Gannett 1902; Munger 1916; Zybach 1994b
  • 1902. Olson, in fact, is shown in a c.1902 Soap Creek School photograph in which he could still identify most of the other 20 students and adults (including his “7-foot tall” school teacher, Mrs. de Moulin) nearly 90 years later, in 1990 (Olson 1994). Cited in the thesis as: Olson 1994
  • 1905. Beginning in the early 1900s, the local use of automobiles and tractors permitted “deep plowing” farming practices and the creation of “truck farms”; i.e., the ability to drive select crops to local markets.
  • 1905. Both Olson (1994) and Murphy (1995) claimed the “coming of the automobile” was the biggest change they had witnessed in their lives, while Rohner (1993), Glender (1994), and Cook (1995) emphasized the dramatic changes the use of internal combustion engines brought to farming. Cited in the thesis as: Olson 1994; Murphy 1995; Rohner 1993; Glender 1994; Cook 1995
p. 198
  • 1915. In 1915, the State’s “Good Roads” policy led to a rapid increase in road construction throughout western Oregon. This policy led to better market access for rural farms and forestlands not served by railroads or navigable streams (Carey 1961), including the farms and timber of Soap Creek Valley. Cited in the thesis as: Carey 1961
  • 1917-1918. World War I created an immediate demand for agricultural goods and lumber products, and The Valley’s landowners were able to quickly capitalize on the new markets (Olson 1994; Cook 1995). Cited in the thesis as: Olson 1994; Cook 1995
  • 1920. The diversification of farming practices and creation of new logging and sawmill jobs helped lead to an increased local population during the 1920s (Rohner 1994; Hindes 1996), but the Great Depression of the 1930s caused the local economy to stagnate. Cited in the thesis as: Rohner 1994; Hindes 1996
  • 1920-1939. In the 1920s and 1930s, the OSC College of Forestry began to buy logged over land in The Valley, under the leadership of T. J. Starker (Jackson 1980; Starker 1984). Cited in the thesis as: Jackson 1980; Starker 1984
  • 1925. Establishment of the State’s forest seedling nursery in the 1920s (McDaniel 1931) and a CCC camp in the 1930s (Thomas 1980) on nearby property provided the trees and manpower necessary to begin planting the new land acquisitions (see Fig. 19; Thomas & Schroeder 1936; Sekermestrovich 1990; Zybach c.1991). Cited in the thesis as: McDaniel 1931; Thomas 1980; Thomas & Schroeder 1936; Sekermestrovich 1990; Zybach c.1991
  • 1929. Map 23 shows horizontal forest cover patterns of Soap Creek Valley as documented in 1936 by aerial photographs (see Figs. 26 and 29). Cited in the thesis as: Map 23
  • 1930. As a result, many local families moved to other locations and The Valley’s population declined for several years (Hanish 1994; Vanderburg 1995). Cited in the thesis as: Hanish 1994; Vanderburg 1995
  • 1937. A catastrophic snowstorm in 1937 killed hundreds of local sheep and other livestock (Dickey 1995), but had a lesser effect on local landowners than similar events in the 1800s and early 1900s. Cited in the thesis as: Dickey 1995
p. 199
  • 1929. Property lines and landowners are based on Metsker maps from 1929 (1929a; 1929b; 1929c). Owners are listed in Table D.3. Cited in the thesis as: Metsker 1929a; 1929b; 1929c
  • 1929. Note the large increase in number of owner/residents since 1853, and that few family names are consistent with the list of 1853 owners (Table D.2). This indicates an active immigration and emigration on the part of landowners and residents during the first 75 years of Soap Creek Valley settlement. Cited in the thesis as: Table D.3
  • 1941. The establishment of Camp Adair at the outset of WW II ... resulted in the large scale evacuation of most Soap Creek Valley residents, an almost complete stoppage of farming and logging practices in The Valley, and the removal of most fencing, houses, and barns. Cited in the thesis as: Berg 1983; Rohner 1993; Glender 1994; Rawie 1994; Dickey 1995; Polk County Historical Museum 1992; 1993; Zybach & Phelps 1997
  • 1941. This change in land use resulted in a noticeable increase in deer, bear, and raptor populations, likely due to the general lack of competition from domestic animals and a sharp reduction in predator control, hunting, and fishing by local residents.
  • 1945. Map 24 shows the horizontal forest pattern in 1945, based on US Army aerial photographs from that year (UO Knight Library Map Room) and local forest surveys (see Fig. 28). Cited in the thesis as: Map 24
  • 1945. Note the continued increase in conifer forest area, the sharp decrease in agricultural use, and the military and industrial development of the Coffin Butte area (see Figs. 31 and 32). Cited in the thesis as: Map 24
  • 1946. After the War, much of the Camp Adair property was obtained by OSU (see Maps 3 and 16), and families began to move on to adjacent properties. Many of the new families were residential, rather than farmers, and new home construction reflected this change (Grabe 1990). Cited in the thesis as: Grabe 1990
  • 1962-10-14. Windfall resulting from the October 14, 1962 Columbus Day storm caused an immediate increase in local clearcut logging and a more thorough continuation of previously established salvage logging operations (see Table 16; Jackson 1980; Rowley 1996; Davies 1997). Cited in the thesis as: Jackson 1980; Rowley 1996; Davies 1997
p. 200
  • 1929. By the start of the Great Depression in 1929, much of Soap Creek Valley had been subdivided into smaller farms and ranches and fenced (see Figs. 27 and 28), or afforested to stands of Douglas-fir and oak (see Map 20; Chapter III). Cited in the thesis as: Metsker 1929a; Metsker 1929b; Metsker 1929c
p. 201
  • 1963-1999. Since 1963, changes that have affected forest cover patterns of Soap Creek Valley include the widespread establishment of conifer plantations in old clearcuts (including those associated with the Columbus Day Storm) and prairie lands acquired by OSU, establishment of a major solid waste landfill to the south of Coffin Butte Cited in the thesis as: Westlund 1993; Kessinger 1999
  • 1963-1999. Conifer forestland has continued to increase in area, and commercial agricultural uses have decreased during this period. Dramatic increases in human population have been accompanied by corresponding increases in pet populations, secondary road and driveway constructions, lawn and ornamental plantation establishments, and home building projects.
  • 1999. Dominant trends continue to be decreased numbers and varieties of large wild vertebrates (since 1811), increased variety of introduced plants and animals (since 1826), increased human population (since 1832), decreased grassland area (since 1832), increased conifer forest area (since 1832);
  • 1999. ...decreased agricultural uses (since 1941), ephemeral land ownership claims (since 1846), decreased wild carnivore populations (since 1846), and smaller residential properties (since 1857).
p. 202
  • 1945. The dedication of most Soap Creek Valley land to a single use (see Map 17) by a single owner (see Map 16) resulted in rapid and dramatic changes to forest cover patterns: livestock and fences were removed and grass species went wild; Coffin Butte quarry operations were greatly increased (see Fig. 32); Cited in the thesis as: Map 24 caption
p. 204
  • 1500. Introduced diseases decimate North American families and communities Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1539. Birth of savannah oak to the southwest of Soap Creek Valley Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1550. Birth of oldest historical Soap Creek Valley oaks Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1602. Birth of Soap Creek Valley Douglas-fir to north of Lewisburg Saddle Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1788. American fur traders note metal knives and smallpox to the west Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1805. Lewis and Clark note 20-year old smallpox epidemic to the north Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1826. First record of Europeans and domestic animals in the area Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1832. Epidemics kill most Kalapuyans in western Oregon Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1837. First major cattle drive through Soap Creek Valley Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1846. First pioneer settlers in Soap Creek Valley Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1848. Last major forest fire in Soap Creek Valley Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1852. Private land and road surveys are formalized and PLS initiated in The Valley Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1857. Town of Tampico platted along California Trail/Territorial Road Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1861. Catastrophic snowstorm kills thousands of livestock in Willamette Valley Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1881. Major snowstorm kills livestock, crushes buildings in Willamette Valley Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1890. First commercial sawmills begin operation in Soap Creek Valley Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1905. Introduction of internal combustion engine for farming, transportation Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1915. Oregon Good Roads movement gains noted/Soap Creek Valley forests are cruised Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1925. Oregon Forest Nursery begins production a few miles east Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1926. Sawmill camp established in Soap Creek Valley Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1931. Dust storm from the east, Eston Carter home burns at base of Coffin Butte Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1933. CCC Camp Arboretum is established adjacent to Oregon Forest Nursery Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1936. Large plantation established following clearcut and fire in E. Soap Creek Valley Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1937. Catastrophic snowstorm kills livestock, crushes buildings in Soap Creek area Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1941. US Army establishes Camp Adair, begins training in Soap Creek Valley Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1948. OSC obtains majority of Soap Creek Valley lands from US Army Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1950. Four feet of snowfall on Soap Creek Valley ridgelines, one of deepest on record Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1956. Major cold snap affects region, including Soap Creek Valley area Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1962. Columbus Day hurricane from the south Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1966. Housing subdivisions for urban commuters begin to appear in Soap Creek area Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1973. US Endangered Species Act is adopted; spotted owls become local concern Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1981. Friday the 13th windstorm from the west Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1993. “Dean’s Plan” draft adopted for management of OSU Research Forests Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
  • 1999. Coffin Butte Landfill catches on fire Cited in the thesis as: Table 22. Timeline of events affecting forest cover patterns, 1500-1999.
p. 206
  • 1826. Upper Left. 1826: acorns, berries, camas, firewood, filberts, onions, seeds. Cited in the thesis as: Map 25 caption
  • 1853. Upper Right. 1853: firewood, grain crops, orchards, pasturage, wood homes. Cited in the thesis as: Map 25 caption
  • 1929. Lower Left. 1929: crops, firewood, homes, logs, plowed fields, wood fencing. Cited in the thesis as: Map 25 caption
  • 1945. Lower Right. 1945: field maneuvers, mining, rifle range, sport hunting. Cited in the thesis as: Map 25 caption
p. 238
  • 1975. Figure B.1 is a copy of the earliest agreement used to provide published content for the Soap Creek Valley Oral History Series, signed in 1975. Cited in the thesis as: Appendix B
  • 1979. Figures B.2 (1979) and B.3 (1980) document the College of Forestry oral history program (Jackson 1980), in cooperation with OSU Horner Museum (Berg 1983; Davies 1997; see Chapters I and II). Cited in the thesis as: Jackson 1980; Berg 1983; Davies 1997
  • 1989. Fig. B.4 reflects the initiation of the Soap Creek Valley Oral History Series’ interviews by OSU Research Forests, in late 1989 and early 1990. Cited in the thesis as: Appendix B
  • 1995. Fig. B.5 (eight parts reproduced in 4 pages) is a copy of new “human subject” filings required by OSU, in 1995. Cited in the thesis as: Appendix B
p. 246
  • 1788. Historical themes (subsequent to documented 1788 accounts of smallpox and metal tools along the Oregon Coast, due west of Soap Creek Valley; see Elliott 1928) related to changing forest cover patterns were identified in the research analysis process (see Chapters II and III). Cited in the thesis as: Elliott 1928
p. 249
  • 1851-05. ...were probably counted among the 44 individuals counted during the May, 1851 treat negotiations (Mackey 1974; see Chapter III; Map 13) at Champoeg, Oregon. Cited in the thesis as: Mackey 1974
  • 1853. Table D.2 lists pioneer Soap Creek Valley landowners of 1853, as listed in public land survey records (Hathorn 1854a; 1854b), census rolls (Moore 1947), and local histories (Fagan 1885). Cited in the thesis as: Hathorn 1854a; 1854b; Moore 1947; Fagan 1885
p. 319
  • 1858. This song is said to have been written by a Tampico school teacher, Frank McDonough, in 1858. It was sung, nearly verbatim, in Soap Creek Valley at the time of Oregon statehood, immediately preceding the Civil War. Cited in the thesis as: Appendix I
  • 1860. McDonough was found cremated in his cabin on a nearby land claim— thought to have been murdered by several local residents—and this incident is believed to have had a bearing on Green Berry Smith’s closure of the town in 1860. Cited in the thesis as: Appendix I

Pages withheld from this edition

pp. 250–251, pp. 255–258, pp. 300–318 of the printed thesis are withheld while the Library completes a review. The pages keep their places in the sequence and their permanent links, so a citation to any of them lands here rather than landing nowhere.

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The chronology

Chapter V of the thesis is a chronological account of forest-cover change in the valley. Its dated entries, together with the dated statements the narrators made in the interviews, are gathered into the series timeline — 1,523 entries across 10 periods, each one verbatim and each one linked back to the page it came from.

References

286 entries, transcribed as printed. 15 of them are the Soap Creek monographs themselves; those link to the book.

One entry ends with a web address at New-Albion.com, printed in the thesis as "copy available as of August 30, 1999 on Internet". It is part of the printed reference and is reproduced with it rather than turned into a link: the Library has not established who runs that host now, and a 1999 address is not a working citation.

  1. Aikens, C. Melvin 1975. Archaeological Studies in the Willamette Valley, Oregon. University of Oregon Anthropological Papers, No. 8. Eugene, OR: 552 pp. Printed page 211
  2. Aikens, C. Melvin 1993. Archaeology of Oregon (Rev.). USDI Bureau of Land Management, Portland, OR: 134 pp. Printed page 211
  3. Allen, John E. 1984. The Magnificent Gateway: A Layman’s Guide to the Geology of the Columbia River Gorge. Timber Press, Forest Grove, OR: 144 pp. Printed page 211
  4. Allen, John E. and Marjorie Burns with Sam C. Sargent 1986. Cataclysms on the Columbia. Timber Press, Portland, OR: 211 pp. Printed page 211
  5. Allen, John E. (n.d.). “When the River Froze,” The Oregonian. Undated ‘letter to the editor’ clipping, mailed by Allen to author sometime after 1988. In possession of author. Printed page 211
  6. Allison, Ira S. 1946. “Early Man in Oregon: Pluvial Lakes and Pumice,” The Scientific Monthly: Vol. LXII: 63-65. Printed page 211
  7. Allison, Ira S. 1953. Geology of the Albany Quadrangle, Oregon. Bulletin No. 37, Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, State of Oregon. Portland, OR: 18 pp. Printed page 211
  8. Altman, Bob, Colleen M. Henson, and Ian R. Waite 1997. Summary of Information on Aquatic Biota and Their Habitats in the Willamette Basin, Oregon, through 1995. US Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 97-4023. Portland, OR: 174 pp. Printed page 211
  9. Alsea High School Students 1989. Kingfisher Magazine # 12 (Index to Vol. 1-11). Index to first 11 volumes of Kingfisher Magazine, 1978-1988: school-based oral history project with a focus on local community history, using Foxfire Model. Program has existed for over 20 years under the direction of teacher, Patsy Jones. Audio tape recordings and photographs have been stored at Benton County Museum Library, Philomath, OR. Current issue (Vol. 13) remains available on Internet as of August 30, 1999: http://www.ORWW.org/Reports/S/007J/0912/Kingfisher/. Copies of past issues are available at Alsea School, Alsea, OR: 13 Vols. w/Index. Printed page 211
  10. Anderson, Chris 1993. Edge Effects: Notes From an Oregon Forest. University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA: 185 pp. Printed page 211
  11. Anderson, Chris and Lex Runciman 1995. A Forest of Voices: Reading and Writing the Environment. Mayfield Publishing Company, Mountain View, CA: 775 pp. Printed page 211
  12. Andrews, H. J. and R. W. Cowlin 1940 (December). Forest Resources of the Douglas-Fir Region. USDA Misc. Publication No. 389, US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC: 169 pp. Printed page 211
  13. Associated Press 1997 (November 11). “UW Professor Discovers Grove of Ancient Trees: Some of the Trees Have Been Dated over 800 Years Old,” Corvallis Gazette- Times, Corvallis, OR: A5. Printed page 212
  14. Bagley, J. H. 1915. 1915 Timber Cruise of Benton County, Oregon. Benton County Archives, Courthouse Basement, Corvallis, OR: 2 Vols. Printed page 212
  15. Balster, Clifford A. and Rowen B. Parsons 1969. “Late Pleistocene Stratigraphy, Southern Willamette Valley, Oregon,” IN: Northwest Science: Vol. 43, No. 3: 116- 129. Printed page 212
  16. Baum, Willa K. 1985. Transcribing and Editing Oral History. American Association for State and Local History. Nashville, TN: 127 pp. Printed page 212
  17. Baum, Willa K. 1996. “The Expanding Role of the Librarian in Oral History,” IN: Oral History, An Interdisciplinary Anthology, David K. Dunaway and Willa K. Baum, editors. Alta Mira Press, Walnut Creek, CA: 321-340. Printed page 212
  18. Bell, James W. 1981. Regional Archaeological Model of the Luckiamute Band Settlement Patterns. Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Science thesis. Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR: 94 pp. Printed page 212
  19. Benda, Lee E. 1990. “The Influence of Debris Flows on Channels and Valley Floors in the Oregon Coast Range, USA,” Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Chichester, England: Vol. 15: 457-466. Printed page 212
  20. Benner, Patricia and James Sedell 1997. “Upper Willamette River Landscape: A Historic Perspective,” IN: River Quality: Dynamics and Restoration. Lewis Publishers, New York, NY: 23-47. Printed page 212
  21. Bennett, Stanley M. 1948 (June). An Interpretation of Annual Rings of Douglas Fir. School of Forestry “Senior Paper,” Oregon State College, Corvallis, OR: 38 pp. Printed page 212
  22. Benton County Commissioners 1914. “Contract for Cruise of Timber Lands,” Benton County Court Journal, Corvallis, OR: Vol. 10: 73-89. Printed page 212
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  261. Zybach, Bob 1989. Historic Soap Creek Valley Auto Tour. Oregon State University Research Forests and College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR: 32 pp. Printed page 230
  262. Zybach, Bob 1990. Lorna Grabe. Family History and Story of the Soap Creek Schoolhouse Foundation, Benton County, Oregon. Soap Creek Valley History Project, Monograph #01, 2nd Printing. Oregon State University Research Forests and College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR: 67 pp. w/appendix and index. Printed page 230
  263. Zybach, Bob c.1991. Welcome to Camp Arboretum. Brochure prepared for Oregon State University Research Forests, Corvallis, OR: 6 pg. tri-fold w/map. Printed page 230
  264. Zybach, Bob 1992a. Alsea River Drainage, Oregon: Sources and Uses of Historical Information for the Drift Creek and Lobster Valley Areas. Coastal Oregon Productivity Enhancement (COPE) Program, USDA Pacific Northwest Research Station, Corvallis, OR: 67 pp. Printed page 230
  265. Zybach, Bob 1992b. History of Willamette Valley Forests, 15,000 BP to the Present. Display prepared for annual meeting of Oregon Chapter of Society of American Foresters, Salem, OR. Prepared under direction of Bill Atkinson, Director of Oregon State University Research Forests. Photographic and documentary record of display being assembled for Oregon State University Archives. Printed page 230
  266. Zybach, Bob 1993a. (January 14). Non-Human Disturbance Patterns: Reconstruction of Soap Creek Valley, Oregon Forest Cover Pattern Without the Influence of Human Activities. Graduate student report prepared for Ron Clarke, Oregon State University Religious Studies Department. Original in preparation for transfer to Oregon State University Archives, Corvallis, OR: 51 pp. Printed page 230
  267. Zybach, Bob 1993b. John Jacob and Wilma Rohner. Family Farming on Coffin Butte Between World Wars, Benton County, Oregon: 1919-1941. Soap Creek Valley History Project, Monograph #05. Oregon State University Research Forests and College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR: 132 pp. Printed page 230
  268. Zybach, Bob 1994a. Velma Carter Rawie. A History of the Carter Family and the Town of Wells, Benton County, Oregon: 1845-1941. Soap Creek Valley History Project, Monograph #10. Oregon State University Research Forests and College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR: 130 pp. Printed page 230
  269. Zybach, Bob 1994b. (March 20). Forest History and FEMAT Assumptions: A Critical Review of President Clinton’s 1994 Northwest Forest Plan (2nd Printing). Report prepared for the American Forest and Paper Association and the Northwest Forest Resources Council, Portland, OR: 101 pp. Printed page 231
  270. Zybach, Bob 1996a. Charles and Norman Hindes. Family History and Story of the Soap Creek Sawmilling and Logging Camp, Benton County, Oregon: 1928-1931. Soap Creek Valley History Project, Monograph #14. Oregon State University Research Forests and College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR: 76 pp. Printed page 231
  271. Zybach, Bob 1996b (May). Historical Overview of Columbia Gorge Forestlands: Dynamics and Fragmentation, 1792-1996. Report prepared for Kent Kelly, Forester, of Haglund & Kirtley Law Firm, Portland, OR: 67 pp. Printed page 231
  272. Zybach, Bob 1999. History of the California Trail in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, 1805-1853. Manuscript in preparation for publication. Current draft in possession of author. Corvallis, OR: 188 pp. Printed page 231
  273. Zybach, Bob, Mack Barrington and Thomas Downey 1995 (May). “Converting Historical Information to GIS: Political Boundaries of the Douglas-Fir Region, 1788 to 1995,” Journal of Forestry. Vol. 93, No. 5: 15-20. Printed page 231
  274. Zybach, Bob and Bruce Fraser 1998. “Two Panoramas of Soap Creek Valley, Benton County, Oregon, 4:00 PM, July 24, 1998” IN: Zybach and Fraser Oregon Forest History Collection, 1981-1999. Digital video segments from 40+ hour video collection donated to Oregon Historical Society Film Archives, Portland, OR., March 10, 1999. Total time: approximately 6 minutes. Printed page 231
  275. Zybach, Bob and Md. Shahid Islam 1999. Index to Monographs #01 to #15, Soap Creek Valley, Oregon, Oral History Series, 1978-1999. In preparation. Soap Creek Valley History Project, Monograph #16. Oregon State University Research Forests and College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR. Printed page 231
  276. Zybach, Bob and Patrick Maeder 1996 (September 5). Report on 1996 Inventory of 1955-1977 Oregon Timber Tax Maps. Final report draft prepared for various sponsoring Oregon State agencies and organizations by NW Maps Co., Corvallis, OR: 89 pp.; copy available as of August 30, 1999 on Internet: http://www.New-Albion.com/BZ/NWMC/Reports/OR_Tax_Maps.htm Printed page 231
  277. Zybach, Bob and Janet Meranda 1989. The Town of Tampico, Benton County, Oregon: An Historical and Cultural Resources Survey. Unpublished student report prepared for David Brauner, Oregon State University Department of Anthropology. Copies of the report and appendices are being prepared by authors for Oregon State University Archives, Corvallis, OR: 85 pp. w/appendices. Printed page 231
  278. Zybach, Bob and Janet Meranda 1994. Eugene Glender. Growing Up on a Tampico Family Farm, Benton County, Oregon: 1910-1941. Soap Creek Valley History Project, Monograph #09. Oregon State University Research Forests and College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR: 155 pp. Printed page 231
  279. Zybach, Bob and Cynthia Phelps 1997 (July). Coffin Butte: Cultural Resources Inventory and Historical Overview with Recommendations. Report prepared for Valley Landfills, Inc. by NW Maps Co., Corvallis, OR: 28 pp. Printed page 231
  280. Zybach, Bob and Kevin Sherer 1994. James Hanish. Biographical Sketch and a Tour of Berry Creek, Benton and Polk Counties, Oregon: 1930-1938. Soap Creek Valley History Project, Monograph #06. Oregon State University Research Forests and College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR: 85 pp. Printed page 232
  281. Zybach, Bob and Kevin Sherer 1995. Wanda Marcks Cook. The Story of the Sulphur Springs Stock Ranch, Benton County, Oregon: 1904-1939. Soap Creek Valley History Project, Monograph #12. Oregon State University Research Forests and College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR: 100 pp. Printed page 232
  282. Zybach, Bob, Kevin Sherer and Angela C. Sondenaa 1990. 1990 Oregon State University Research Forests “Human Use” Cultural Resource Inventory. Report prepared for William Atkinson, Jeffrey Garver, and Royal Jackson. Oregon State University Research Forests and College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR: 202 pp. Printed page 232
  283. Zybach, Bob and Angela C. Sondenaa 1994. Charlie Olson. Biographical Sketch and Early History of Sulphur Springs, Benton County, Oregon: 1900-1920. Soap Creek Valley History Project, Monograph #07. Oregon State University Research Forests and College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR: 185 pp. Printed page 232
  284. Zybach, Bob and Neil Vanderburg 1995. Donald Dickey. Family History and Life on Berry Creek, Benton County, Oregon: 1928-1941. Soap Creek Valley History Project, Monograph #03, 2nd printing. Oregon State University Research Forests and College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR: 69 pp. Printed page 232
  285. Zybach, Bob and George B. Wisner 1995. Neil Vanderburg. Family Farming and Saw Milling on Berry Creek, Benton County, Oregon: 1935-1941. Soap Creek Valley History Project, Monograph #08, 2nd printing. Oregon State University Research Forests and College of Forestry, Corvallis, OR: 169 pp. Printed page 232
  286. Zybach, Bob and George B. Wisner 1999 (March 31). Report with Recommendations on Findings of March, 1999 Cultural Resources Survey at Coffin Butte, Benton County, Oregon. Report prepared for Bill Webber, Valley Landfills, Inc., by NW Maps Co., Corvallis, Or: 25 pp. Printed page 232

What is not here

Every printed page

The thesis is cited by printed page all over this collection, so every one of its 321 printed pages has a permanent link here. The pages set out above — the dated statements, and the withheld pages with their notice — already have their own sections. The rest are listed so that a citation lands somewhere and is told what is on the page; the text of those pages is in the original PDF.

  1. p. 1 I. Introduction · OUTLINE AND DESCRIPTION OF THESIS · Objectives
  2. p. 2 Definitions
  3. p. 3 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  4. p. 4 Arrangement
  5. p. 5 Method of Oral History References · Table 1. Citation and reference list of oral history informants · Quoted on this page: citation rule for oral histories (Table 1)
  6. p. 6 LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION OF SOAP CREEK VALLEY · Boundaries and Landmarks · Legal Descriptions and Land Ownership
  7. p. 7 Map 1. Location of Soap Creek Valley study area in Oregon, 1999
  8. p. 8 Map 2. Named landmarks and original 1846-1882 land surveys
  9. p. 9 Table 2. Landmark names and locations, 1845-1999
  10. p. 10 Map 3. Soap Creek Valley and OSU land ownership patterns, 1990
  11. p. 11 Geology and Climate
  12. p. 12 Topography and Aspects · Map 4. Extent of ice age floods in the Willamette Valley, 12,800 BP
  13. p. 13 Map 5. Topography and ice age floods extent, 15,000 BP-1999
  14. p. 14 Destination of Surface Waters · Threatened and Endangered Species
  15. p. 15 Map 6. OSU Research Forests’ GIS topographical layers
  16. p. 16 Map 7. OSU Research Forests’ GIS aspect layers
  17. p. 17 Map 8. Destination of Soap Creek Valley surface waters to the ocean
  18. p. 18 II. Methodology · TYPES AND USES OF RESEARCH INFORMATION
  19. p. 19 Definitions, Uses, and Values of Research Information
  20. p. 20 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  21. p. 21 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  22. p. 22 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  23. p. 23 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  24. p. 24 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  25. p. 25 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  26. p. 27 Quoted on this page: oral history as method as well as product · Quoted on this page: geographical oral history — the proposed fourth type
  27. p. 28 BACKGROUND AND DOCUMENTATION OF ORAL HISTORIES · Quoted on this page: geographical oral history — the proposed fourth type (cont.) · Quoted on this page: summary of the study's basis
  28. p. 30 Figure 1. William Hartless (Sawala), Champoeg, OR, c. 1914
  29. p. 31 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  30. p. 32 Table 3. Basic components of oral histories and oral traditions
  31. p. 33 Documentation of Oral Histories · Quoted on this page: documentation requires transcription
  32. p. 34 CREATION OF SOAP CREEK VALLEY ORAL HISTORY SERIES
  33. p. 35 Selection and Profile of Informants · Quoted on this page: criteria for selecting informants
  34. p. 38 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  35. p. 39 Table 4. Profile of oral history informants, 1894-1999 · Quoted on this page: response rate
  36. p. 41 Table 5. Profile of research study consultants, 1984-1999
  37. p. 42 Development of Data · Quoted on this page: consistency of interviewers and processing
  38. p. 43 Quoted on this page: two interviewers across the whole series · Quoted on this page: historical event vs. historical content recording approaches · Quoted on this page: historical content method — correcting the transcript against the record
  39. p. 44 Quoted on this page: the tape is the record; narrators may amend
  40. p. 45 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  41. p. 46 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  42. p. 47 Quoted on this page: informed consent and narrator rights · Quoted on this page: the consent instrument at the start of each recording
  43. p. 48 Quoted on this page: how transcripts were typed and checked · Quoted on this page: Horner Museum transcripts were edited but not audited
  44. p. 49 Quoted on this page: formatting, indexing and distribution of final products
  45. p. 50 Quoted on this page: pagination fixed before indexing; chapter breaks thematic or by location · Quoted on this page: the concordance files and the two-tier index
  46. p. 52 Organization
  47. p. 53 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  48. p. 54 Figure 3. Timeline of Willamette Valley forest history, 15,000 BP-1999 · Figure 4. Timeline of Soap Creek Valley oral history data, 1800-1999
  49. p. 55 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  50. p. 56 General Chronology and Values of Data Types
  51. p. 57 Table 6. Thematic time periods and historical markers, 1788-1999
  52. p. 58 Table 7. General time periods and values of information, 1500-1999
  53. p. 59 Comparative
  54. p. 60 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  55. p. 61 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  56. p. 62 Theoretical Tests
  57. p. 63 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  58. p. 64 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  59. p. 65 III. Identification of Agents of Forest Cover Change · TYPES OF AGENTS OF CHANGE · Events and Processes
  60. p. 66 Table 8. Causes of change to forest cover patterns, 1500-1999
  61. p. 67 Table 9. Earliest documented forest cover changes, 1826-1931
  62. p. 68 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  63. p. 69 Wildlife Demographics
  64. p. 70 Human Activities
  65. p. 71 EFFECTS OF CATASTROPHIC EVENTS · Disease Epidemics (1770-1999)
  66. p. 72 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  67. p. 73 Figure 5. Sketch of Kalapuyan male near Marys River tributary, 1841
  68. p. 74 Map 10. Nations and languages of western Oregon, c.1788
  69. p. 75 Figure 6. “The Wallamet Valley from a Mountain,” 1845
  70. p. 76 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  71. p. 77 Floods and Droughts (15,000 BP-1999)
  72. p. 78 Figure 7. Soap Creek floodplain, T. 5 S., R. 10 W., S. 11-14, & 24, 1890-1945
  73. p. 79 Figure 8. Soap Creek, SW from Tampico Road Bridge: dry and flood, 1998
  74. p. 80 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  75. p. 81 Figure 9. Corvallis area flooding, December 28, 1998
  76. p. 82 Table 10. Local area flood and drought events, 1861-1999
  77. p. 83 Landslides (minor effects)
  78. p. 84 Snowstorms and Freezes (1830-1999)
  79. p. 85 Figure 10. T. J. Starker with 1881-1882 “Blue Snow” oak evidence
  80. p. 86 Table 11. Major snowstorms in Corvallis and Portland, OR, 1893-1999
  81. p. 87 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  82. p. 88 Wildfires (12,800 BP-1999)
  83. p. 89 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  84. p. 90 Windstorms (1931-1999)
  85. p. 91 EFFECTS OF WILDLIFE DEMOGRAPHICS
  86. p. 92 Animal Extinctions and Extirpations (12,000 BP-1999)
  87. p. 93 Figure 11. Glender Brothers Tampico Spring elephant teeth, c.1919
  88. p. 94 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  89. p. 95 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  90. p. 96 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  91. p. 97 Figure 13. Lewis sketch of California condor head, 1806
  92. p. 98 Animal Introductions (1806-1999 · Figure 14. Soap Creek Valley wildlife inventory, c.1899
  93. p. 99 Table 12. Native and exotic wild terrestrial vertebrates , 1805-1999
  94. p. 100 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  95. p. 101 Plant Introductions (1806-1999) · Figure 15. Baker Creek beaver ponds, 1990
  96. p. 102 Plant Migrations (1500-1999)
  97. p. 103 Figure 16. Pioneer apple trees, 1947-1999
  98. p. 104 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  99. p. 105 Table 13. Native and exotic wild vascular plants, 1500-1999
  100. p. 106 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  101. p. 108 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  102. p. 109 Figure 18. Mowed Soap Creek Valley prairie, c.1899 · Figure 19. McDonald Forest 1936 Douglas-fir plantation, c.1950
  103. p. 110 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  104. p. 111 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  105. p. 112 Figure 20. Smith Peak oak and Douglas-fir succession, 1938-1990
  106. p. 113 Figure 21. Soap Creek Valley, NE from Lewisburg Saddle: 1914-1989
  107. p. 114 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  108. p. 115 Figure 22. Writsman Hill Douglas-fir and housing, June 12, 1999
  109. p. 116 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  110. p. 117 EFFECTS OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES
  111. p. 118 Broadcast Burning (1500-1999)
  112. p. 120 Figure 23. Soap Creek area prehistoric vegetation processing tools
  113. p. 121 Farming and Ranching (1846-1999)
  114. p. 122 Map 11. US GLO/PLS cadastral map, T. 10 S., R. 5 W., 1854
  115. p. 123 Figure 24. Glen Moore Ranch, view SE from house, c.1899 · Figure 25. Glender Brothers horse and tractor, c.1910
  116. p. 124 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  117. p. 125 Figure 26. Central Soap Creek Valley (annotated aerial), 1936
  118. p. 126 Forestry and Logging (1846-1999)
  119. p. 127 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  120. p. 128 Map 12. Bagley timber cruise map, T. 10 S., R. 5 W., S. 5, 1915
  121. p. 129 Table 14. Bagley timber cruise table, T. 10 S., R. 5 W., S. 5, 1915
  122. p. 130 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  123. p. 131 Table 15. Old-growth & 2nd growth timber volumes, 1852-1915
  124. p. 132 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  125. p. 133 Table 16. Logging volumes, McDonald and Dunn Forests, 1949-1979
  126. p. 134 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  127. p. 135 Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering (1500-1999)
  128. p. 136 Land Subdivision and Home Construction (1846-1999)
  129. p. 137 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  130. p. 138 Map 13. Territory bought of the Luckiamute Band of Callapuya, 1851
  131. p. 139 Map 14. “Plot of the Town of Tampico,” 1857
  132. p. 140 Figure 27. Tampico, “Early Rival of Corvallis,” c.1856-c.1895
  133. p. 141 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  134. p. 142 Figure 28. Tampico and California Trail traces (annotated aerial), c. 1951
  135. p. 143 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  136. p. 144 Figure 29. Southern Soap Creek Valley (annotated aerial), c.1936
  137. p. 145 Map 15. Hindes’ map of 1929 Soap Creek Valley logging camp, 1994
  138. p. 146 Figure 30. Coffin Butte real estate development, 1885-1990
  139. p. 147 Table 17. Numbers and types of landowners, 1841-1990
  140. p. 148 Military and Industrial Development (1846-1999)
  141. p. 149 Map 16. US Army purchase of Soap Creek Valley lands, 1941 · Map 17. Camp Adair artillery ranges in Soap Creek Valley, c.1945
  142. p. 150 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  143. p. 151 Transportation and Communications (1500-1999) · Figure 31. Camp Adair traces (aerial), 1972
  144. p. 154 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  145. p. 155 Map 18. Soap Creek Valley road and trail history, 1788-1999
  146. p. 156 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  147. p. 157 IV. Theoretical Accounts of Forest Cover Changes
  148. p. 158 FOREST COVER TRENDS AND CONDITIONS · Method of Multiple Hypotheses
  149. p. 159 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  150. p. 160 Possible Conditions of Prehistoric Forests
  151. p. 161 Successional and Climax Forest Theories
  152. p. 162 Landscape Disturbance and Even-Aged Forest Theories
  153. p. 163 Systematic Theories of Events, Cycles, and Periods
  154. p. 164 FORESTS WITHOUT PEOPLE · Predictive Assumptions for Soap Creek Valley Forests
  155. p. 165 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  156. p. 166 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  157. p. 167 Map 19. Soap Creek Valley “potential” forest cover pattern
  158. p. 168 Oak and Grass: Fire and East Wind History · Douglas-fir: Fire and South Wind History
  159. p. 169 Mixed Hardwoods: Fire and Flood History · Mixed Conifers: Fire and Landslide History
  160. p. 170 FOREST PRODUCTS AND WILDLIFE HABITAT
  161. p. 171 Changes in Forest Product Uses and Values
  162. p. 172 Forest Product Values and Forest Cover Changes
  163. p. 173 Table 18. Primary Soap Creek Valley forest products, 1500-1999
  164. p. 174 Figure 35. Diagram of forest products/forest cover interrelationships
  165. p. 175 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  166. p. 178 Table 19. Extreme ages and diameters of wild tree species, 1853-1999
  167. p. 179 Figure 36. “Greg George Doug”: old-growth Douglas-fir, 1989
  168. p. 185 1626-1825: Prehistoric 2nd Growth
  169. p. 186 EARLY HISTORICAL CONDITIONS, 1826-1899
  170. p. 187 Table 20. Size, location, and species of bearing trees, 1826-1882
  171. p. 188 Table 21. Location, age, and species of tree seed sources, 1600-1915
  172. p. 203 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  173. p. 205 Table 23. Changes in horizontal forest cover patterns, 1826-1945
  174. p. 207 VI. Conclusions · RELEVANCE OF ORAL HISTORIES TO DOCUMENTING AND UNDERSTANDING FOREST COVER PATTERNS, 1999
  175. p. 208 SUMMARY OF SOAP CREEK VALLEY FOREST COVER CONDITIONS AND TRENDS, 1500-1999
  176. p. 209 TESTS OF EXISTING THEORIES OF FOREST HISTORY AND ECOLOGY
  177. p. 210 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  178. p. 211 References · A reference is cited on this page
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  200. p. 233 Appendices
  201. p. 234 not transcribed here — read it in the original PDF
  202. p. 235 A. Soap Creek Valley Oral History Series Monographs, 1990-1999 · Appendix A. Soap Creek Valley Oral History Series Monographs, 1990-1999
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  217. p. 259 E. Native, Extirpated, and Exotic Wildlife Species, 1500-1999 · Appendix E. Native, Extirpated, and Exotic Wildlife Species, 1500-1999
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  233. p. 275 F. Bearing Tree Species, Locations, Sizes, and Associations, 1852-1882 · Appendix F. Bearing Tree Species, Locations, Sizes, and Associations, 1852-1882
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  251. p. 293 G. Merchantable Conifer Species, Locations, and Volumes, 1915 · Appendix G. Merchantable Conifer Species, Locations, and Volumes, 1915
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Zybach, Bob 1999.  Using Oral Histories to Document Changing Forest Cover Patterns: Soap Creek Valley, Oregon, 1500-1999.  Oregon State University MAIS thesis, Corvallis, Oregon: 321 pp.
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Zybach 1999. America's School Trust Library, The Zybach Collection. https://schooltrusts.org/collections/zybach/soap-creek/thesis/
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